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terrain-following mode

  • 1 terrain-following mode

    Авиасловарь > terrain-following mode

  • 2 terrain-following mode

    Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > terrain-following mode

  • 3 terrain-following condition mode

    Англо-русский словарь промышленной и научной лексики > terrain-following condition mode

  • 4 Cross-Scan Terrain-Following radar mode

    Abbreviation: CSTF

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Cross-Scan Terrain-Following radar mode

  • 5 mode

    режим ( работы), см. тж. regime, condition; вид ( движения) ; форма ( колебаний), см. тж. shape; метод, способ, см. тж. method

    ground map pencil mode — режим обзора местности узким лучом [в узкой зоне]

    ground map spoiling mode — режим обзора местности широким лучом [в широкой зоне]

    inertial mode of navigation — инерциальный режим навигации, инерциальная навигация

    normal mode of vibration — основной вид колебаний; режим или форма свободных [собственных] колебаний; pl. собственные колебания

    secondary mode of starting — дополнительный [резервный] режим запуска (от источника, использующего другой вид энергии)

    standby mode of operation — аварийный [резервный] режим работы

    Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > mode

  • 6 mode

    1. режим <полета, работы>
    2. форма <напр. движения>; тип; вид
    3. мода, тип колебаний, форма колебаний; тон (колебаний); колебания, колебательное движение; тип волны
    4. способ, метод
    mode of motion
    mode of vibration
    4-D mode
    adaptive mode
    advisory mode
    aeroelastic mode
    air resonance mode
    aircraft mode
    airframe mode
    airplane mode
    airspeed hold mode
    all-out jamming mode
    altitude hold mode
    altitude hold control mode
    aperiodic mode
    approach mode
    approach control mode
    assumed modes
    attitude command mode
    attitude hold mode
    auto-flap mode
    auto-trim mode
    autoflight mode
    autopilot mode
    autopilot-coupled mode
    autothrottle mode
    balance mode
    beacon bombing mode
    beam mode
    beating mode
    bending mode
    beyond-the-horizon mode
    blade mode
    body freedom mode
    boresight acquisition mode
    buckling mode
    camber control mode
    CAS mode
    chord mode
    climb mode
    closed-loop mode
    closely spaced modes
    closely spaced frequency modes
    command augmentation mode
    compensatory mode
    component modes
    constant airspeed mode
    constraint modes
    control mode
    controlled modes
    coupled mode
    crack opening mode
    cruise mode
    cruise camber control mode
    crushing mode
    CTOL mode
    decoupled mode
    deformation mode
    degraded mode
    demand mode
    digital mode
    direct force modes
    direct force control modes
    directional mode
    divergence mode
    divergent mode
    dogfight mode
    dutch roll mode
    edgewise mode
    elastic mode
    electronic mode
    failure mode
    fine pointing mode
    finite frequency modes
    fire-and-forget mode
    first bending mode
    first flap mode
    first flexible mode
    first lag mode
    fixed-free mode
    fixed-gain mode
    fixed-wing mode
    flap mode
    flapping mode
    flatwise mode
    flexible mode
    flexural mode
    flight control mode
    flight director mode
    flight operation mode
    flight path rate mode
    flutter mode
    flutter-critical mode
    fly-up mode
    FMS-controlled mode
    free mode
    fundamental mode
    fuselage mode
    ground contact mode
    hard-ride mode
    head-down mode
    heading mode
    heave mode
    helicopter mode
    helmet mode
    high-frequency mode
    higher mode
    higher order mode
    highly damped mode
    hybrid tandem fan mode
    in-plane mode
    inflow mode
    instability mode
    interacting modes
    intercept mode
    land mode
    lateral mode
    lateral modes
    lateral-directional mode
    lateral-directional mode s
    lateral-sway mode
    lead-lag mode
    lift mode
    lightly damped mode
    loading mode
    lock-before-launch mode
    long-term holding mode
    longitudinal mode
    longitudinal modes
    longitudinal-sway mode
    longitudinal-lateral modes
    look-down mode
    look-up mode
    low-frequency mode
    low-probability-of-intercept mode
    low-speed mode
    low-yaw-rate spin mode
    lower order modes
    Mach-hold mode
    maneuver mode
    maneuver camber control mode
    manual mode
    manual sweep mode
    mapping mode
    mechanical mode
    monitored modes
    motion mode
    multitracking mode
    natural mode
    nonreversing mode
    normal mode
    nuisance mode
    open-loop mode
    operational mode
    orbit mode
    oscillatory mode
    out-of-control mode
    pendulum mode
    phugoid mode
    phugoidal mode
    pitch mode
    pitching mode
    plunge mode
    plunging mode
    poorly damped mode
    position mode
    power approach mode
    powered-lift mode
    pulse mode
    pusher mode
    ramjet mode
    reconfiguration mode
    recovery mode
    residual modes
    response mode
    return-to-base mode
    reverse mode
    reversing mode
    reversion mode
    rigid body mode
    roll mode
    roll rate command mode
    rolling mode
    rotary-wing mode
    rotational mode
    rotor-pylon mode
    short-period mode
    slender wing mode
    sliding mode
    spin mode
    spiral mode
    stand-off mode
    stealthy mode
    steering mode
    stroke mode
    structural mode
    structure mode
    supercruise mode
    supersearch mode
    supersonic cruise mode
    takeoff mode
    task-tailored mode
    terminal tracking mode
    terrain-avoidance mode
    terrain-clearance mode
    terrain-following mode
    third flap mode
    threat-avoidance mode
    thrust-vectoring mode
    torsion mode
    track-on-jam mode
    translational mode
    turbojet mode
    twisting mode
    uncontrolled mode
    unmodeled modes
    unstable mode
    unstick mode
    vector mode
    vectoring mode
    vertical flight-control mode
    vibration mode
    weakly damped oscillatory mode
    windowing mode
    wing bending mode
    wing sweep mode
    wingborne mode
    wing-pylon modes
    wing's open mode
    yaw mode
    yawing mode

    Авиасловарь > mode

  • 7 flight

    1. полет; рейс/ летный; полетный; рейсовый
    2. отряд; звено <ЛА>
    см. тж. flight
    flights per month
    1-g flight
    4-D flight
    accelerated flight
    acceptance flight
    accident flight
    accumulated flights
    aerobatic flight
    afterburning flight
    agile flight
    air taxi flight
    air-breathing flight
    air-refueled flight
    airplane-mode flight
    all-attitude flight
    all-inertial flight
    altimeter flight
    altimeter-controlled flight
    animal flight
    area familiarization flight
    automatic flight
    avionics evaluation flight
    axial flight
    balanced flight
    best-range flight
    boomless flight
    buffet flight
    certificate of airworthiness flight
    check flight
    climbing flight
    combat flight
    connecting flight
    constant airspeed-constant lift coefficient flight
    constant altitude-constant airspeed flight
    constant altitude-constant lift coefficient flight
    constant altitude flight
    controllable flight
    controlled flight into terrain
    coordinated flight
    cross-controlled flight
    cruise-climb flight
    curvilinear flight
    data-recording flight
    delivery flight
    departed flight
    departure-resistant flight
    descending flight
    disturbed flight
    domestic flight
    east-west flight
    edgewise flight
    envelope clearance flight
    envelope expansion flight
    equilibrium flight
    evaluation flight
    exercise flight
    experimental flight
    ferry flight
    fixed-rotor flight
    fixed-wing flight
    flawless flight
    forward flight
    free flight
    free-hovering flight
    full-wingborne flight
    full-scale flight
    full-throttle flight
    functional flight
    gliding flight
    ground-air-ground flight
    hard altitude-hard airspeed flight
    high-angle flight
    high-angle-of-attack flight
    high-AOA flight
    high-g flight
    high-low-high flight
    high-speed flight
    high-subsonic flight
    homeward flight
    horizontal flight
    hovering flight
    hub flight
    HUD flight
    human-powered flight
    IFR flight
    inertial flight
    inertially guided flight
    instrument flight rules flight
    inverted flight
    jet-borne flight
    large-angle maneuvering flight
    level flight
    long-endurance flight
    long-haul flight
    long-range flight
    low-level flight
    maiden flight
    maneuvering flight
    manned flight
    manual flight
    manually controlled flight
    maximum continuous flight
    maximum turning rate flight
    maximum endurance flight
    mean flights between maintenance actions
    microburst wind-shear sampling flight
    midcourse flight
    minimum time flight
    minimum turning radius flight
    mishap flight
    moderate supersonic flight
    most-economical flight
    nap-of-the-earth flight
    nearly-horizontal flight
    no-radar flight
    nonlevel flight
    nonmaneuver flight
    nonmaneuvering flight
    nonscheduled flight
    nonturning flight
    on-line flight
    one-g flight
    one-stop flight
    OOC flight
    open-loop flight
    operational flight
    orientation flight
    out-of-control flight
    outward flight
    over-ocean flight
    parabolic flight
    post-maintenance check flight
    post-stall flight
    power-off flight
    pre-delivery flight
    quasi-steady-state flight
    radar flight
    rearward flight
    rectilinear flight
    revenue flight
    rocket-borne flight
    rotary-wing flight
    rotational flight
    route-proving flight
    semiballistic flight
    shakedown flight
    short-range flight
    shuttle flight
    sideways flight
    sightseeing flight
    simulated terrain following flight
    slow flight
    smooth flight
    spin flight
    spinning flight
    stable flight
    stall flight
    stalled flight
    steady flight
    steady-state flight
    stepped-altitude flight
    stopped rotor flight
    store certification flight
    straight flight
    straight-line flight
    super-stalled flight
    supernormal flight
    supersonic flight
    sustained flight
    symmetric flight
    tail-rotorless flight
    terminal maneuvering area flight
    terrain flight
    terrain-avoidance flight
    terrain-following flight
    tethered flight
    TF/TA flight
    to depart from controlled flight
    training flight
    transition flight
    trimmed flight
    turning flight
    two-dimensional flight
    ultrahigh-altitude flight
    up-and-away flight
    unaccelerated flight
    uncoordinated flight
    unpowered flight
    unyawed flight
    vertebrate flight
    vertical flight
    vertical-plane flight
    VFR flight
    VIP flight
    visual flight
    visual flight rules flight
    voiсe-controlled flight
    VSTOL flight
    water-bombing flight
    west bound flight
    wingborne flight
    wings-level flight
    world-wide flight
    yawed flight

    Авиасловарь > flight

  • 8 CSTF

    1) Ветеринария: Clinical Studies Trust Fund
    3) Транспорт: Cargo Security Task Force
    4) Образование: Computer Supported Teaching Facility

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > CSTF

  • 9 equipment

    1. оборудование; аппаратура; приборы; снаряжение
    2. техника; технические средства
    aircrew training equipment
    altitude reporting equipment
    anti-collision equipment
    anti-g equipment
    communications equipment
    deicing equipment
    ECR equipment
    engine equipment
    firefighting equipment
    fixed equipment
    flight line equipment
    flight refuelling equipment
    flight-qualified equipment
    icing test equipment
    IFF equipment
    image-processing equipment
    imaging equipment
    load-handling equipment
    manufacturing equipment
    mission equipment
    mode C equipment
    off-system support equipment
    on-system support equipment
    operating equipment
    outsize equipment
    palletised equipment
    pressurization equipment
    ramjet equipment
    recording equipment
    role-dedicated equipment
    satellite communications equipment
    smoke protection equipment
    survival equipment
    terrain-following equipment
    training equipment

    Авиасловарь > equipment

  • 10 system

    system of axes
    3-component LDV system
    3-D LDV system
    4-D system
    4-D flight-management system
    4-D guidance system
    AC electrical system
    actuation system
    aerial delivery system
    aerostat system
    AEW system
    afterburning control system
    AI-based expert system
    aileron-to-rudder system
    air bleed offtake system
    air cushion system
    air cycle system
    air data system
    air defence system
    air induction system
    air refueling system
    air traffic control system
    air-combat advisory system
    air-conditioning system
    air-path axis system
    air-turbine starting system
    airborne early warning system
    aircooling system
    aircraft reference axis system
    aircraft weight-and-balance measuring system
    aircraft-autopilot system
    aircraft-based system
    aircraft-bifilar-pendulum system
    aircraft-carried earth axis system
    aircraft-carried normal earth axis system
    aircrew escape system
    airfield lighting control system
    airframe/rotor system
    airspeed system
    alcohol-wash system
    alignment control system
    all-electronic system
    all-weather mission system
    altitude loss warning system
    angle-of-attack command system
    anti-collision system
    anti-g system
    antitorque system
    anti-icing system
    antiskid system
    area-navigation system
    ARI system
    artificial feel system
    artificial intelligence-based expert system
    artificially augmented flight control system
    ATC system
    attitude and heading reference system
    audio system
    audiovisual system
    auto-diagnosis system
    auto-hover system
    autolanding system
    automatic cambering system
    automatic trim system
    autostabilization system
    autotrim system
    axis system
    B system
    balance-fixed coordinate system
    base-excited system
    basic axis system
    beam-foundation system
    bifilar pendulum suspension system
    bladder system
    blowing system
    blowing boundary layer control system
    blown flap system
    body axis system
    body axis coordinate system
    body-fitted coordinate system
    body-fixed reference system
    boom system
    boosted flight control system
    braking system
    breathing system
    buddy-buddy refuelling system
    cabin pressurization system
    cable-mount system
    CAD system
    canopy's jettison system
    cardiovascular system
    cargo loading system
    cargo-handling system
    carrier catapult system
    cartesian axis system
    Cat III system
    central nervous system
    CGI system
    circulating oil system
    closed cooling system
    closed-loop system
    cockpit system
    cockpit management system
    collision avoidance system
    combined cooling system
    command-by-voice system
    command/vehicle system
    commercial air transportation system
    compensatory system
    computer-aided design system
    computer-assisted system
    computer-generated image system
    computer-generated visual system
    concentrated-mass system
    conflict-alert system
    conservative system
    constant bandwidth system
    constant gain system
    consultative expert system
    control system
    control augmented system
    control loader system
    cooling system
    coordinate system
    counterstealth system
    coupled system
    coupled fire and flight-control system
    covert mission system
    crew systems
    cueing system
    curvilinear coordinate system
    damped system
    data system
    data acquisition system
    data handling system
    data transfer system
    data-gathering system
    DC electrical system
    decision support system
    defensive avionics system
    deicing system
    demisting system
    departure prevention system
    deterministic system
    dual-dual redundant system
    4-D navigation system
    6-DOF motion system
    diagnosable system
    dial-a-flap system
    direct impingement starting system
    displacement control system
    display system
    display-augmented system
    divergent system
    DLC system
    dogfight system
    door-to-door system
    Doppler ground velocity system
    double-balance system
    drive system
    drive train/rotor system
    dry air refueling system
    dual-field-of-view system
    dual-wing system
    dynamic system
    early-warning system
    Earth-centered coordinate system
    earth-fixed axis system
    earth/sky/horizon projector system
    ejection system
    ejection display system
    ejection seat escape system
    ejection sequence system
    ejector exhaust system
    ejector lift system
    election safety system
    electric starting system
    electro-expulsive deicing system
    electro-impulse deicing system
    electro-vibratory deicing system
    electronic flight instrumentation system
    Elint system
    emergency power system
    emitter locator system
    EMP-protected system
    engine monitoring system
    engine-propeller system
    engine-related system
    enhanced lift system
    envelope-limiting system
    environmental control system
    escape system
    excessive pitch attitude warning system
    exhaust system
    FADEC system
    fault-tolerant system
    FBW system
    feathering system
    feedback system
    feel system
    fin axis system
    fire detection system
    fire suppression system
    fire-extinguishing system
    fire-protection system
    five-point restraint system
    fixed-structure control system
    flap system
    flap/slat system
    flash-protection system
    flexible manufacturing system
    flight control system
    flight control actuation system
    flight director system
    flight inspection system
    flight management system
    flight path system
    flight path axis system
    flight test system
    flight-test instrumentation system
    flotation system
    fluid anti-icing system
    flutter control system
    flutter margin augmentation system
    flutter suppression system
    fluttering system
    fly-by-light system
    fly-by-light control system
    fly-by-wire system
    fly-by-wire/power-by-wire control system
    foolproof system
    force-excited system
    force-feel system
    forward vision augmentation system
    fuel conservative guidance system
    fuel management system
    fuel transfer system
    full-vectoring system
    full-authority digital engine control system
    full-motion system
    full-state system
    full-time system
    fully articulated rotor system
    fuselage axis system
    g-command system
    g-cueing system
    g-limiting system
    gas generator control system
    gas turbine starting system
    global positioning system
    governing system
    ground collision avoidance system
    ground proximity warning system
    ground-axes system
    ground-fixed coordinate system
    ground-referenced navigation system
    gust alleviation system
    gust control system
    gyroscopic system
    gyroscopically coupled system
    halon fire-extinguishing system
    halon gas fire-fighting system
    hands-off system
    head-aimed system
    headup guidance system
    helmet pointing system
    helmet-mounted visual system
    hierarchical system
    high-damping system
    high-authority system
    high-lift system
    high-order system
    high-pay-off system
    high-resolution system
    higher harmonic control system
    hose-reel system
    hot-gas anti-icing system
    hub plane axis system
    hub plane reference axis system
    hub-fixed coordinate system
    hydraulic system
    hydraulic starting system
    hydropneumatic system
    hydrostatic motion system
    hysteretic system
    ice-protection system
    icing cloud spray system
    icing-protection system
    identification friend or foe system
    image generator system
    in-flight entertainment system
    incidence limiting system
    inert gas generating system
    inertial coordinate system
    inertial navigation system
    inertial reference system
    infinite-dimensional system
    information management system
    inlet boundary layer control system
    inlet control system
    input system
    instruction system
    instrument landing system
    instrumentation system
    intelligence system
    intelligent system
    interconnection system
    intermediate axis system
    intrusion alarm system
    intrusion detection system
    inverted fuel system
    landing guidance system
    large-travel motion system
    laser-based visual system
    lateral attitude control system
    lateral control system
    lateral feel system
    lateral seat restraint system
    lateral-directional stability and command augmentation system
    lead compensated system
    left-handed coordinate system
    leg restraint system
    life support system
    liferaft deployment system
    lift-distribution control system
    lighter-than-air system
    lightly damped system
    lightning protection system
    lightning sensor system
    lightning warning system
    limited-envelope flight control system
    linear vibrating system
    liquid oxygen system
    load control system
    load indication system
    local-horizon system
    loom system
    low-damping system
    low-order system
    LQG controlled system
    lubrication system
    lumped parameter system
    Mach number system
    main transmission system
    maintenance diagnostic system
    maintenance record system
    man-in-the-loop system
    man-machine system
    maneuver demand system
    maneuvering attack system
    mass-spring-dashpot system
    mass-spring-damper system
    mast-mounted sight system
    mechanical-hydraulic flight control system
    microwave landing system
    MIMO system
    mine-sweeping system
    missile system
    missile-fixed system
    mission-planning system
    mobile aircraft arresting system
    modal cancellation system
    modal suppression system
    mode-decoupling system
    model reference system
    model-based visual system
    model-following system
    modelboard system
    molecular sieve oxygen generation system
    monopulse system
    motion system
    motion generation system
    multi-input single-output system
    multi-input, multi-output system
    multimode system
    multibody system
    multidegree-of-freedom system
    multiloop system
    multiple-input single output system
    multiple-input, multiple-output system
    multiple-loop system
    multiple-redundant system
    multiply supported system
    multishock system
    multivariable system
    navigation management system
    navigation/attack system
    navigation/bomb system
    NDT system
    neuromuscular system
    night/dusk visual system
    portable aircraft arresting system
    nitrogen inerting system
    no-tail-rotor system
    nonminimum phase system
    nonoscillatory system
    nonconservative system
    normal earth-fixed axis system
    Notar system
    nozzle control system
    nuclear-hardened system
    observer-based system
    obstacle warning system
    oil system
    on-board inert gas generation system
    on-board maintenance system
    on-board oxygen generating system
    on-off system
    one degree of freedom system
    one-shot lubrication system
    open cooling system
    open seat escape system
    open-loop system
    operability system
    optic-based control system
    optimally controlled system
    orthogonal axis system
    oxygen generation system
    parachute system
    partial vectoring system
    partial vibrating system
    performance-seeking system
    perturbed system
    pilot reveille system
    pilot vision system
    pilot-aircraft system
    pilot-aircraft-task system
    pilot-in-the-loop system
    pilot-manipulator system
    pilot-plus-airplane system
    pilot-vehicle-task system
    pilot-warning system
    pilot/vehicle system
    pitch change system
    pitch compensation system
    pitch stability and command augmentation system
    pitch rate system
    pitch rate command system
    pitch rate flight control system
    pneumatic deicing system
    pneumatic ice-protection system
    pneumodynamic system
    position hold system
    power system
    power-assisted system
    power-boosted system
    powered high-lift system
    powered-lift system
    precognitive system
    pressurization system
    preview system
    probabilistically diagnosable system
    probe refuelling system
    pronated escape system
    propeller-fixed coordinate system
    propulsive lift system
    proximity warning system
    pursuit system
    push-rod control system
    quantized system
    random system
    rating system
    reconfigurable system
    rectangular coordinate system
    reduced-gain system
    reference axis system
    refuelling system
    remote augmentor lift system
    remote combustion system
    response-feedback system
    restart system
    restraint system
    restructurable control system
    retraction system
    ride-control system
    ride-quality system
    ride-quality augmentation system
    ride-smoothing system
    right-handed axis system
    right-handed coordinate system
    rigid body system
    robotic refueling system
    rod-mass system
    roll augmentation system
    roll rate command system
    rotating system
    rotor system
    rotor isolation system
    rotor-body system
    rotor-wing lift system
    route planner system
    rudder trim system
    rudder-augmentation system
    sampled-data system
    scheduling system
    schlieren system
    sea-based system
    seat restraint system
    seatback video system
    self-adjoint system
    self-contained starting system
    self-diagnosable system
    self-excited system
    self-repairing system
    self-sealing fuel system
    self-tuning system
    shadow-mask system
    shadowgraph system
    ship-fixed coordinate system
    shock system
    short-closed oil system
    sighting system
    simulation system
    simulator-based learning system
    single degree of freedom system
    single-input multiple-output system
    singularly perturbed system
    situational awareness system
    six-axis motion system
    six-degree-of-freedom motion system
    six-puck brake system
    ski-and-wheel system
    skid-to-turn system
    snapping system
    soft mounting system
    soft ride system
    sound system
    speed-stability system
    spherical coordinate system
    spin recovery system
    spin-prevention system
    spring-mass-dashpot system
    stability and control augmentation system
    stability augmentation system
    stability axis coordinate system
    stability enhancement system
    stall detection system
    stall inhibitor system
    stall protection system
    stall warning system
    starting system
    stealth system
    stochastic system
    storage and retrieval system
    store alignment system
    stores management system
    strap-down inertial system
    structural system
    structural-mode compensation system
    structural-mode control system
    structural-mode suppression system
    STT system
    suppression system
    suspension system
    tactile sensory system
    tail clearance control system
    tail warning system
    task-tailored system
    terrain-aided navigation system
    terrain-referencing system
    test system
    thermal control system
    thermal protection system
    threat-warning system
    three-axis augmentation system
    three-body tethered system
    three-control system
    three-gyro system
    through-the-canopy escape system
    thrust modulation system
    thrust-vectoring system
    tilt-fold-rotor system
    time-invariant system
    time-varying system
    tip-path-plane coordinate system
    torque command/limiting system
    tractor rocket system
    trailing cone static pressure system
    training system
    trajectory guidance system
    translation rate command system
    translational acceleration control system
    trim system
    trim tank system
    triple-load-path system
    tutoring system
    twin-dome system
    two degree of freedom system
    two-body system
    two-input system
    two-input two-output system
    two-pod system
    two-shock system
    two-step shock absorber system
    unpowered flap system
    unpowered high-lift system
    utility services management system
    vapor cycle cooling system
    variable feel system
    variable stability system
    variable structure system
    vestibular sensory system
    vibrating system
    vibration isolation system
    vibration-control system
    vibration-damping system
    video-disc-based visual system
    visor projection system
    visual system
    visual display system
    visual flying rules system
    visual sensory system
    visual simulation system
    visually coupled system
    voice-activated system
    vortex system
    vortex attenuating system
    VTOL control system
    wake-imaging system
    warning system
    water injection cooling system
    water-mist system
    water-mist spray system
    weather system
    wheel steering system
    wide angle visual system
    wind coordinate system
    wind shear system
    wind-axes system
    wind-axes coordinate system
    wind-fixed coordinate system
    wing axis system
    wing flap system
    wing sweep system
    wing-load-alleviation system
    wing-mounted system
    wing/propulsion system
    wiring system
    yaw vane system

    Авиасловарь > system

  • 11 off

    off [ɒf]
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    4. noun
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► When off is an element in a phrasal verb, eg keep off, take off, look up the verb. When it is part of a set combination, eg off duty, far off, look up the other word.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
       a. ( = from) de
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► Note the French prepositions used in the following:
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
       c. ( = away from) de
       d. ( = not taking, avoiding) (inf) I'm off coffee/cheese at the moment je ne bois pas de café/ne mange pas de fromage en ce moment
    ► to be off (inf) ( = going) partir
    • off you go! file ! (inf)
    • where are you off to? où allez-vous ?
       d. (as reduction) 10% off 10 % de remise or de rabais
    • I'll give you 10% off je vais vous faire une remise or un rabais de 10 %
    • they lived together off and on for six years ils ont vécu ensemble six ans, par intermittence
       c. ( = not functioning, disconnected) [machine, TV, light] éteint ; [engine, gas at main, electricity, water] coupé ; [tap] fermé ; [brake] desserré
       d. ( = cancelled) [meeting, trip, match] annulé
       e. ( = bad) (British) [fish, meat] avarié ; [milk] tourné ; [butter] rance
       f. (indicating wealth, possession) they are comfortably off ils sont aisés
    • how are you off for bread? qu'est-ce que vous avez comme pain ?
       g. ( = not right inf) it was a bit off, him leaving like that ce n'était pas très bien de sa part de partir comme ça
    • that's a bit off! ce n'est pas très sympa ! (inf)
    4. noun
    ► off air adverb (TV, radio) hors antenne
    • to go off air [broadcast] rendre l'antenne ; [station] cesser d'émettre
    • I came on the off chance of seeing her je suis venu à tout hasard, en pensant que je la verrais peut-être ► off-colour adjective (British)
       a. ( = bad day)
       b. (US) ( = holiday) jour m de congé
    ► off-peak (British) adjective [period, time, hour] creux ; [train, electricity] en période creuse ; [telephone call] à tarif réduit (aux heures creuses)
    ► off-putting adjective [task] rebutant ; [food] peu ragoûtant ; [person, manner] rébarbatif
    ► off-road adjective [driving, vehicle] tout terrain inv
    ► off-the-record adjective ( = unofficial) officieux ; ( = confidential) confidentiel
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    Dans le monde du théâtre new-yorkais, on qualifie de off-Broadway les pièces qui ne sont pas montées dans les grandes salles de Broadway. Les salles off-Broadway, généralement assez petites, proposent des billets à des prix raisonnables. Aujourd'hui, les théâtres les plus à l'avant-garde sont appelés off-off-Broadway.
    * * *
    Note: off is often found as the second element in verb combinations ( fall off, run off etc) and in offensive interjections ( clear off etc). For translations consult the appropriate verb entry (fall, run, clear etc)
    off is used in certain expressions such as off limits, off colour etc and translations for these will be found under the noun entry (limit, colour etc)
    For other uses of off see the entry below
    [ɒf], US [ɔːf] 1.
    (colloq) noun

    just before the off — ( of race) juste avant le départ

    2.
    1) ( leaving)

    to be off — partir, s'en aller

    I'm off — gen je m'en vais; ( to avoid somebody) je ne suis pas là

    he's off again talking about his exploits! — fig et voilà c'est reparti, il raconte encore ses exploits!

    3.
    1) ( free)

    to be off — [water, gas] ( at mains) être coupé; [tap] être fermé; [light, TV] être éteint

    3) ( cancelled)

    to be off — [match, party] être annulé

    the ‘coq au vin’ is off — ( from menu) il n'y a plus de ‘coq au vin’

    4) ( removed)

    to have one's leg off — (colloq) se faire couper la jambe

    25% off — Commerce 25% de remise

    5) (colloq) ( bad)

    to be off — [food] être avarié; [milk] avoir tourné

    4.
    off and on adverbial phrase par périodes
    5.
    3) (also just off) juste à côté de [kitchen etc]

    there's a button off — [cuff etc] il manque un bouton à

    7) (colloq) (also off of)
    ••

    how are we off (colloq) for...? — qu'est-ce qu'il nous reste comme...? [flour etc]

    that's a bit off — (colloq) GB ça c'est un peu fort (colloq)

    to feel a bit off(-colour) (colloq) — GB ne pas être dans son assiette (colloq)

    English-French dictionary > off

  • 12 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

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